Apocrypha n

1. books of the Bible that are included in the Vulgate and Septuagint versions of the Christian Bible, but not in the Protestant Bible or the Hebrew canon (may be singular or plural)

2. a group of Christian writings dating from the early centuries ad that are not included in the Bible

denounce vt

1. to express harsh criticism or condemnation of something or somebody, usually in public

2. to accuse somebody publicly of something such as disloyalty, or inform against somebody

3. to make a formal announcement of the end of a treaty or other agreement (formal)

hypocrisy n

1. the false claim to or pretense of having admirable principles, beliefs, or feelings

2. an act or instance of hypocrisy

doom n

1. a dreadful fate, especially death or utter ruin

2. an official judgment on somebody (formal)

3. doom or Doom the Last Judgment (archaic)

vt   to condemn somebody or something to a dreadful fate

spontaneity n

1. behavior that is natural and unconstrained and is the result of impulse, not planning

2. the generating or provoking of activity from within, rather than as a result of external influences

calculated adj

1. done or accepted after careful consideration of the possible results

2. planned or deliberate

communism n

the political theory or system in which all property and wealth is owned in a classless society by all the members of a community.

See also Communism

Communism n

1. Communism or communism the Marxist-Leninist version of a classless society in which capitalism is overthrown by a working-class revolution that gives ownership and control of wealth and property to the state

2. any system of government in which a single, usually totalitarian, party holds power, and the state controls the economy

absolute adj

1. used to emphasize the strength of the speaker's feeling on the subject

2. to the very greatest degree possible

3. having total power and authority

4. not depending on or qualified by anything else

5. completely unequivocal and not capable of being viewed as partial or relative

6. not syntactically dependent on the main clause of a sentence, for example, ``It being sunny'' in the sentence ``It being sunny, they went to the pool''

7. used without an explicit direct object. The usage of ``satisfy'' is absolute in the sentence ``We aim to satisfy.''

8. used without an explicit noun. ``The rich and the poor'' are absolute adjectival usages.

9. involving or relating to measurements made relative to the vacuum state

10. relating to or using basic units of length, time, mass, and charge

11. measured on or relating to a scale that has as its lowest temperature absolute zero, the point at which all molecular motion ceases

12. complete and in no way conditional on any future evidence or behavior

13. having unconditional ownership of a title or property, unrestricted by trusts or entails (often used after a noun)

14. true for all values of a variable in an algebraic expression

15. not changing in value in varying mathematical expressions

16. not containing an algebraic variable

n  1. a principle or value that is held to be always true or valid

2. absolute or Absolute in some schools of philosophy, the one ultimate reality that does not depend on anything, and is not relative to anything else

justify vt

1. to serve as an acceptable reason or excuse for something (often passive)

2. to give somebody an acceptable reason for taking a particular action (often passive)

3. to give a reason or explanation why something was done

4. to adjust the lengths of spaces between and within words in text in order to make both the left and right margins align

5. to free somebody from sinfulness through faith in Jesus Christ or by the grace of Jesus Christ

6. to provide a good reason in law for something, especially for committing the offense that is the subject of a criminal charge

venture n

1. a risky or daring undertaking that has no guarantee of success

2. a business enterprise that involves risk but could lead to profit

3. the money or property risked in a business venture

v  1. vi to make a trip that is unpleasant or dangerous

2. vt to undertake the risks or dangers of a particular task or project

3. vt to offer or express something tentatively at the risk of being contradicted, embarrassed, or ignored

4. vi to presume or dare to do something

5. vt to expose money or property to risk by committing it to a particular project

awe-inspiring adj

so impressive as to make a person feel humble or slightly afraid

occasion n

1. a particular time, especially a time when something happens

2. a chance or opportunity to do something

3. a cause of or reason for something

4. the need for something or to do something

5. an important or special event

npl occasions

somebody's business or needs (archaic)

vt to cause or lead to something

agent n

1. somebody representing somebody else in business, usually under contract, especially in buying and selling property or insurance, or in arranging work in entertainment or publishing

2. somebody who is employed by a government or other organization as an investigator, guard, or representative

3. something, for example, a chemical substance, organism, or natural force, that causes an effect

4. the means by which an effect or result is produced

5. somebody who works undercover as a spy or agent provocateur (informal)

6. a program that works automatically on routine tasks specified by a user, for example, sorting e-mail or monitoring the Internet

judicial adj

1. relating or belonging to a body of judges or to the system that administers justice

2. relating to judges in performance of their duties, or to judgment in a court of law

3. enforced or sanctioned by a court of law

4. appropriate to a judge or expected of a judge

sentence n

1. a group of words or a single word that expresses a complete thought, feeling, or idea. It usually contains an explicit or implied subject and a predicate containing a finite verb.

2. a judgment by a court specifying the punishment of somebody convicted of a crime, or the punishment itself

3. a well-formed expression in a symbolic language

vt  to allocate a particular punishment to somebody convicted of a crime, usually stating its nature and its duration

account n

1. a written or verbal report of something

2. an explanation of something that has happened, especially one given to somebody in authority

3. an arrangement in which a customer keeps money in a bank or other financial institution and is offered certain services in exchange

4. the money that a customer keeps in a bank

5. an arrangement with a store, company, stockbroker, or other business, which provides certain financial services, for example, credit

6. a customer who has a regular business relationship with a company

7. an area of business handled by a company on behalf of another, for example, advertising, design, or publicity

npl accounts

a detailed list of everything that a company or individual earns or spends, kept primarily for tax purposes

vt  to consider something, somebody, or yourself to have a specified quality (dated)

strict adj

1. severe in maintaining discipline or rigorous in ensuring that rules are obeyed

2. needing to be closely obeyed

3. exact, precise, or narrowly interpreted

4. closely observing rules, principles, or practices

5. complete, utter, or absolute

6. growing upward at or very close to the vertical

piety n

1. strong respectful belief in a deity or deities and strict observance of religious principles in everyday life

2. an action inspired by devout religious principles

3. a conventional or hypocritical statement or observance of a belief

4. loyalty to parents and family (archaic)

address n

1. the number, street name, and other information that describes where a building is or where somebody lives

2. the address of a person or organization when written on a letter or an item of mail

3. a formal speech or report

4. a number that specifies a location in a computer's memory

npl addresses

attention paid to somebody that is intended as courtship (archaic)

v  1. vt to write or print on an item of mail details of where it is to be delivered

2. vt to say something to somebody, or make a speech to an audience

3. vr to set about doing some task

4. vt to face up to and deal with a problem or issue

5. vt to move to face or stand facing a target in a sport or a partner in a dance

6. vt to take up the correct stance before hitting a golf shot

glean v

1. vt to obtain information in small amounts over a period of time

2. vti to go over a field or area that has just been harvested and gather by hand any usable parts of the crop that remain

nominate vt

1. to suggest somebody for appointment or election to a position or for an honor or award

2. to appoint somebody to a position, or make somebody responsible for a duty

3. to enter a horse in a race

legate n

1. an emissary of the pope, especially one who represents the Vatican in other countries

2. an official representative of a government, especially a diplomat

3. in the ancient Roman Republic, an assistant to a provincial governor

4. in the ancient Roman Empire, a legion commander who was sometimes also a provincial governor

charge v

1. vti to ask somebody for an amount as a price or fee

2. vt to hold a person or organization financially liable for something

3. vti to allow, and enter a record of, a deferred payment for something

4. vt to accuse somebody formally of having committed a crime

5. vt to criticize somebody for doing something wrong

6. vt to order or instruct somebody formally to do something

7. vti to attack somebody or something by rushing forward, especially in a battle

8. vi U.K. to run somewhere carelessly or clumsily

9. vti to restore the power in a battery by connecting it to a supply of electricity

10. vt to load or fill something, for example, a gun with explosive, or a glass with drink (formal)

11. vt to give an atmosphere of intense interest, excitement, or other strong emotion to a place (usually passive)

12. vt to put a heraldic device on something such as a shield or banner

n  1. the price of something that is for sale, or the fee asked for a service or in payment of a financial liability such as a tax

2. the responsibility or duty of looking after somebody or something

3. somebody, especially a child or a member of a minister's congregation, for whom somebody else is responsible (formal)

4. an accusation of wrongdoing, especially an official statement accusing somebody of committing a crime

5. a rush forward to attack, especially in a battle, or the signal for this

6. the power stored in a battery

7. a fundamental characteristic of matter, responsible for all electric and electromotive forces, expressed in two forms known as positive and negative

8. a quantity of electricity caused by an excess or lack of electrons

9. the amount of explosive used to detonate a shell or cartridge

10. the amount required to fill a container or to make a mechanism work

11. a formal order or instruction to do something, for example, a judge's instructions to a jury

12. a sudden burst of excitement or interest

13. a design or image used as part of a coat of arms

acquit v

1. vt to declare officially that somebody is not guilty of a charge or accusation

2. vr to conduct yourself in a particular way (formal)

3. vt to free somebody from a duty or obligation (formal)

4. vt to repay something such as a debt (old)

resume v

1. vti to continue with something after a temporary halt

2. vt to take, assume, or occupy a position again

depose v

1. vt to remove somebody from office or from a position of power

2. vti to give evidence or testify on oath, either in a written or verbal form

3. vt to request and record evidence from a witness

wield vt

1. to have and be able to use something, especially power or authority

2. to hold and use a weapon or tool

haughty adj

behaving in a superior, condescending, or arrogant way

unscrupulous adj

not restrained by moral or ethical principles

ignominious adj

1. involving a total loss of dignity and pride and making somebody or something appear shamefully weak and ineffective

2. deserving condemnation and contempt (formal)

overbearing adj

arrogant and tending to order people around

ire n

a feeling or display of deep anger or fury (literary)

arouse v

1. vt to evoke a feeling, response, or desire

2. vt to cause feelings of sexual desire in somebody

3. vt to make somebody angry

4. vti to wake up, or wake somebody up from sleep or unconsciousness (formal)

hurl v

1. vt to throw something with great force

2. vt to utter something with great violence or vehemence

3. vti to pitch a baseball

4. vi to vomit, especially with considerable force (slang)

n  a forceful throw, or the act of throwing something with great force

epithet n

1. an abusive insulting word or phrase

2. a descriptive word or phrase added to or substituted for the name of a person or thing, highlighting a characteristic feature or quality

3. in biological classification, the specific name that follows the generic name, for example, ``sapiens'' in ``Homo sapiens''

whitewash n

1. lime suspended in water, often with glue or sizing, and used like paint for whitening walls

2. a coordinated attempt to hide unpleasant facts, especially in a political context (informal)

3. a resounding defeat, especially one in which the losing player or team does not score at all (informal)

v  1. vt to paint something, usually a wall, with whitewash

2. vti to conceal the unpleasant facts about something

3. vt to defeat an opposing player or team resoundingly, especially by preventing the player or team from scoring at all

revile v

1. vt to make a fierce or abusive verbal attack on somebody or something

2. vi to use insulting or abusive language

Sanhedrin n

the supreme Jewish judicial, ecclesiastical, and administrative council in ancient Jerusalem before ad 70, having 71 members from the nobility and presided over by the high priest

usurp vti

use something without the right to do so

ironical

tongue in cheek (adjective): sarcastic, satirical, sardonic, mocking, ironic

incongruous (adjective): paradoxical, poignant, peculiar, odd, strange, weird, just typical

unworthy adj

1. not deserving a particular benefit, privilege, or compliment

2. not typical of somebody's usual standards of behavior

3. lacking value or merit

4. bad or unpleasant and wholly undeserved

defective

faulty (adjective): imperfect, flawed, out of order, substandard, malfunctioning, not working, on the blink, perfect (antonym)

insolent adj

showing an aggressive lack of respect in speech or behavior

deputation n

1. a group of people who have been chosen to represent a larger group of people and act on their behalf

2. the act of appointing a deputy or deputation

kinsman n

a man or boy who is somebody's relative (formal)

inadvertently adv

without intending to or without realizing

scribe

engrave (verb): inscribe, etch, cut, notch, score

scribe n

1. somebody who copies or writes out documents, especially somebody who copied manuscripts in medieval times

2. somebody who copies the Sefer Torah and other religious documents using a quill pen on parchment

3. an official public clerk

4. a writer, especially a journalist (humorous)

5. See scriber

vti  to mark something such as wood or metal with a line using a pointed instrument, especially as a guide for cutting

autograph n

1. a signature, especially the signature of a famous person

2. a copy of a document or text handwritten by its creator (formal)

vt  to write your signature on something such as a book or photograph

reference n

1. a spoken or written comment that either specifically mentions or calls attention to somebody or something, or is intended to bring somebody or something to mind

2. the process of mentioning or alluding to somebody or something

3. applicability or relevance to, or connection with, a particular subject or person

4. a source of information such as a dictionary or an encyclopedia (often used before a noun)

5. a source of information referred to by a footnote or citation

6. a note directing a reader's attention to a particular section of a work or to another source of information

7. See reference mark

8. something, usually a set of letters or figures, that serves to identify somebody or something, for example, a customer, client, business letter, or a spot on a map (often used before a noun)

9. a statement concerning somebody's character or qualifications, given, for example, to a potential employer

10. somebody who comments on another's character and qualifications, for example, for a job

U.K. term referee n. 3

Vt  1. to compile a list of references for a book, essay, or thesis

2. to use or refer to somebody or something as a source in the writing of something

prep  in connection with

indispensable adj

1. necessary, essential, or not to be dispensed with

2. unavoidable, especially as a duty

n  something that is essential and cannot be dispensed with

dictation n

1. the act of dictating a text or letter, or of writing down what is being dictated

2. a test or exercise of language comprehension in which students write down words spoken aloud by a teacher

3. words written down that have been dictated

exegesis n

the explanation or interpretation of texts, especially from the Bible, or an explanation or interpretation of a particular text